هَٰذَانِ خَصْمَانِ اخْتَصَمُوا فِي رَبِّهِمْ
“These are the two people who are arguing about their Lord”
According to most mufassirun, revealed about the mubaraza duel before Badr.
وَمَن يُرِدْ فِيهِ بِإِلْحَادٍ بِظُلْمٍ نُّذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ
“And whoever intends therein [in the Haram] [a deed] of deviation [in religion] or wrongdoing, We will make him taste of a painful punishment.”
On the punishment for wrongdoing within the Haram.
وَمَن يُعَظِّمْ شَعَـٰٓئِرَ ٱللَّهِ فَإِنَّهَا مِن تَقْوَى ٱلْقُلُوبِ
“And whoever honors the symbols of Allah, it is certainly out of the piety of the heart”
Cited regarding the consecration of the sacrificial animals as symbols of Allah.
أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا ۚ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَىٰ نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ
“Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory.”
This is the exact ayah the event's own description quotes -- the first verse permitting military jihad, after thirteen years of commanded patience.
الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِن دِيَارِهِم بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ إِلَّا أَن يَقُولُوا رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ ۗ وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُم بِبَعْضٍ لَّهُدِّمَتْ صَوَامِعُ وَبِيَعٌ وَصَلَوَاتٌ وَمَسَاجِدُ يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا اسْمُ اللَّهِ كَثِيرًا ۗ وَلَيَنصُرَنَّ اللَّهُ مَن يَنصُرُهُ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَقَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ
“[They are] those who have been evicted from their homes without right — only because they say, 'Our Lord is Allah.' And were it not that Allah checks the people, some by means of others, there would have been demolished monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques, in which the name of Allah is much mentioned. And Allah will surely support those who support Him. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might.”
This ayah continues the same passage (Q22:39-40) permitting jihad, describing those wrongfully evicted from their homes for their faith -- cited in the event's own description.
“Whenever We sent a messenger or a prophet before you [O Prophet] and he recited [Our revelations], satan would influence [people's understanding of] his recitation. But [eventually] Allah would eliminate satan's influence. Then Allah would [firmly] establish His revelations. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. All that so He may make satan's influence a trial for those whose hearts are sick and those [disbelievers] whose hearts are hardened. Surely the wrongdoers are totally engrossed in opposition.”
Cited by Ibn Taymiyyah and others as bearing on the disputed "satanic verses" versions of this event; the majority read it as a general statement, not specific to this incident.
وَالَّذِينَ هَاجَرُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ثُمَّ قُتِلُوا أَوْ مَاتُوا لَيَرْزُقَنَّهُمُ اللَّهُ رِزْقًا حَسَنًا ۚ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَهُوَ خَيْرُ الرَّازِقِينَ
“And those who emigrated for the cause of Allah and then were killed or died — Allah will surely provide for them a good provision. And indeed, it is Allah who is the best of providers.”
“Allah selects messengers from both angels and people, for Allah is truly All-Hearing, All-Seeing.”